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6.1. The Khitan and the Tuoba

The Tuoba in its pre-dynastic period. The Tuoba was the most northern branch of the Xianbei. They originally inhabited the region of the Great Xianbei Mountains, which is now the Erguna River valley of the northern section of the Great Xing'an Range. The Japanese specialist Shiratori Kurakichi's textual research in the 1920s proves the Xianbei origin of the Tuoba.1 This assertion is commonly accepted in the field of the Tuoba studies. The language the Tuoba spoke was "generally connected with Mongolic".2

From the 1st to the 3rd Centuries, the Tuoba tribes had undergone three southward migrations, gradually moving towards the south. (...) the Tuoba moved southward, reaching the Lake Daze (modern Lake Hulun). After six generations (...) the Tuoba began their second migration. This time they arrived in the old land of the Xiongnu, the area near modern Guyang County of Inner Mongolia under the foot of the Yin Mountains north of the great bend of the Yellow River. After coming into the old land of the Xiongnu, the Tuoba started a process of assimilation with the local Xiongnu people.

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Sixteen sequences of the hypervariable segment I (HVS-I, 16039–16398) in mtDNA control region from ancient Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery were analyzed. In which, 13 haplotypes were found by 25 polymorphic sites. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.98 and 0.0189, respectively, and the mean of nucleotide number differences was 6.25. Haplogroup analysis indicates these remains mainly belong to haplogroup C (31.25%) and D (43.75%). According to the published data were considered, we can suggest that the Tuoba Xianbei presented a close genetic affinity to Oroqen, Outer Mongolian and Ewenki populations, especially Oroqen.

ren

May 11 2007, 06:13 PM

According to the sources I've read, the Toba were Turkic,
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/buddhism.shtml
http://www.phoenixndragon.com/Northern-text.htm

What are your sources that they were Mongolic or Tungusic?

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According to the results of linguistic studies, the language of the southern
branch of the Xianbei has a common origin with Mongolic,103 while the language
of the northern branch of the Xianbei represented by the Tuoba has a very close
relationship with Mongolic.104

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This time they arrived in the old land of the Xiongnu, the
area near modern Guyang County of Inner Mongolia under the foot of the Yin
Mountains north of the great bend of the Yellow River. After coming into the old
land of the Xiongnu, the Tuoba started a process of assimilation with the local
Xiongnu people. The Account of Xu Ji of the Wei Shu records a legendary story
that emperor Shengwu, Jiefen met and mated heavenly maiden in the old land of
the Xiongnu, and then begot Liwei, emperor Shizu. 3 This legend could be
regarded a sort of mythicism of the intermarriage between the Tuoba and
Xiongnu. According to the previous studies, the term "Tuoba" means
"descendants of the Xianbei father and Xiongnu mother" in the languages of the
northern peoples.4 In the time of Liwei, there were some Xiongnu family names
recorded in seventy-five foreign tribes of the Tuoba confederation.5 It is because
of this, the Chinese scholar Ma Changshou maintains that the Tuoba were of mixed Xianbei and Xiongnu origin.6

black man

May 11 2007, 06:58 PM

I edited my post above.

Do you know what the geneticists refer to? (Maybe they write something about Toba in linguistics, too.) If not, I can check but that will last a while because I'll have to go to a more distant library.

ren

May 11 2007, 07:05 PM

black man

May 11 2007, 06:58 PM

I edited my post above.

Do you know what the geneticists refer to? (Maybe they write something about Toba in linguistics, too.) If not, I can check but that will last a while because I'll have to go to a more distant library.

I've lost access to journals... For the time being.