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Bird orders
Topic Started: May 22 2009, 08:35 PM (1,990 Views)
Oneistheloneliestnumber
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EPITOME OF AWESOME.

Subclass Neornithes
The subclass Neornithes comprises two superorders -

Superorder Paleognathae:

The name of the superorder is derived from 'paleognath', the ancient Greek for "old jaws" in reference to the skeletal anatomy of the palate, which is described as more primitive and reptilian than that in other birds. The Paleognathae consists of two orders which comprise of 49 existing species.

* Struthioniformes—ostriches, emus, kiwis, and allies
* Tinamiformes—tinamous

Superorder Neognathae:

The superorder Neognathae comprises 27 orders which have a total of nearly ten thousand species. The Neognathae have undergone adaptive radiation to produce the staggering diversity of form (especially of the bill and feet), function, and behavior that we see today.

The orders comprising the Neognathae are:

* Anseriformes—waterfowl
* Galliformes—fowl
* Charadriiformes—gulls, button-quails, plovers and allies
* Gaviiformes—loons
* Podicipediformes—grebes
* Procellariiformes—albatrosses, petrels, and allies
* Sphenisciformes—penguins
* Pelecaniformes—pelicans and allies
* Phaethontiformes—tropicbirds
* Ciconiiformes—storks and allies
* Cathartiformes—New World vultures
* Phoenicopteriformes—flamingos
* Falconiformes—falcons, eagles, hawks and allies
* Gruiformes—cranes and allies
* Pteroclidiformes—sandgrouse
* Columbiformes—doves and pigeons
* Psittaciformes—parrots and allies
* Cuculiformes—cuckoos and turacos
* Opisthocomiformes—hoatzin
* Strigiformes—owls
* Caprimulgiformes—nightjars and allies
* Apodiformes—swifts and hummingbirds
* Coraciiformes—kingfishers and allies
* Piciformes—woodpeckers and allies
* Trogoniformes—trogons
* Coliiformes—mousebirds
* Passeriformes—passerines

The radically different Sibley-Monroe classification (Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy), based on molecular data, found widespread adoption in a few aspects, as recent molecular, fossil, and anatomical evidence supported the Galloanserae for example.

It's Wikipedia, I don't have much time right now, I have to go soon. I'll add more ASAP.
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I suppose you could; I don't remember learning about them in that series of bird topics from a while ago.
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I don't think I did.
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I see you've edited them in :P .

That's a lot of orders! Any good ways of remembering them all?
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Oneistheloneliestnumber
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I haven't had time to edit that post yet.

And yeah, there's a lot of orders. Turns out storks are the only birds in Ciconiiformes; while the others are more related to pelicans.
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Think I'll start...

Tinamous
Fossil range: Miocene–present
Posted Image
Great Tinamou

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Superorder: Palaeognathae

Order: Tinamiformes
(Huxley, 1872)[1]

Family: Tinamidae
(G.R. Gray, 1840)[1]

Diversity
9 Genera, 47 Species, 127 Sub-species

Genera
Tinamus
Nothocercus
Crypturellus
Rhynchotus
Nothoprocta
Nothura
Taoniscus
Eudromia
Tinamotis

FULL LIST

Range
There are 47 species of tinamou in South America and north to Mexico, not much further than the Tropic of Cancer, and one species on Easter Island. They occur in a wide range of habitats. Tinamus, Nothocercus, and Cryptuerellus live in the dense forests, and most of the others live on grassland, puna, montane, and savanna, at high altitude.

Description
They are slender and compact birds, with a small head and a short slender bill, that is downward curving. The smallest species, the Dwarf Tinamou, is about 43 g (1.5 oz) and 20 cm (7.9 in) long. The largest tinamou, the Gray Tinamou, weighs 2.3 kg (5.1 lb) and measures up to 53 cm (21 in) long.[4] They have very small wings, but unlike other ratites, they can fly, albeit poorly. They have three forward facing toes, and their hind toe is higher and either retrogressed or absent. Their tail is short and sometimes hidden behind coverts, and some Tinamou have crests. Also, unlike other ratites, they have a preen gland. Plumage doesn't differ between sexes, except a few that have brighter females.[4]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinamou


What I think of them:

Interesting, but very subtle. Not very many people know about them.

My person favourite, the Elegant-Crested Tinamou:
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Edited by Oneistheloneliestnumber, Jun 11 2009, 12:50 AM.
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Very interesting! I certainly didn't know anything about them.
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EPITOME OF AWESOME.

:)

Ratites
Fossil range: paleocene–Present

Posted Image
Various ratite birds

Scientific classification

Kingdom:
Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Subclass: Neornithes

Superorder: Paleognathae

Order: Struthioniformes*
(Latham, 1790)[1]

Families
Struthionidae ostrich
Rheidae rhea
Casuariidae emu, cassowary
†Aepyornithidae elephant bird
†Dinornithidae moa
Apterygidae kiwi

Synonyms
Struthiornithiformes

A ratite is any of a diverse group of large, flightless birds of Gondwanan origin, most of them now extinct. Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum - hence their name which comes from the Latin (ratis) for raft. Without this to anchor their wing muscles they could not fly even if they were to develop suitable wings.

Most parts of the former Gondwana have ratites, or have had until the fairly recent past. Their closest living relatives are the tinamous of South America.

Species

Living forms

The African Ostrich is the largest living ratite. A large member of this species can be nearly 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall, weigh as much as 159 kilograms (350 lb), and can outrun a horse.

Of the living species, the Australian emu is next in height, reaching up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall and about 60 kilograms (130 lb). Like the ostrich, it is a fast-running, powerful bird of the open plains and woodlands.

Also native to Australia and the islands to the north are the three species of cassowary. Shorter than an emu, but heavier and solidly built, cassowaries prefer thickly vegetated tropical forest. They can be very dangerous when surprised or cornered because of their razor sharp talons. In New Guinea, cassowary eggs are brought back to villages and the chicks raised for eating as a much-prized delicacy, despite (or perhaps because of) the risk they pose to life and limb. (My notes: that is disgusting -_- WTF!)

South America has two species of rhea, mid-sized, fast-running birds of the Pampas. The larger American rhea grows to about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall and usually weighs 20 to 25 kilograms (44–55 lb). (South America also has 47 species of the small and ground-dwelling but not flightless tinamou family, which is closely related to the ratite group.)

The smallest ratites are the five species of kiwi from New Zealand. Kiwi are chicken-sized, shy, and nocturnal. They nest in deep burrows and use a highly developed sense of smell to find small insects and grubs in the soil. Kiwi are notable for laying eggs that are very large in relation to their body size. A Kiwi egg may equal 15 to 20 percent of the body mass of a female kiwi. The smallest species of kiwi is the Little Spotted Kiwi, at 1.2 kilograms (2.6 lb) and 40 centimetres (16 in).

Extinct forms

Aepyornis, the "elephant bird" of Madagascar, was the largest bird ever known. Although shorter than the tallest moa, a large Aepyornis could weigh over 450 kilograms (990 lb) and stand up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall.

At least 11 species of moa lived in New Zealand before the arrival of humans, ranging from turkey-sized to the Giant Moa Dinornis giganteus with a height of 3.3 metres (11 ft) and weighing about 250 kilograms (550 lb).[4] They went extinct by A.D. 1500 due to hunting by Māori settlers, who arrived by A.D. 1300.

In addition, eggshell fragments similar to those of Aepyornis were found on the Canary Islands. The fragments date to the Middle or Late Miocene, and no satisfying theory has been proposed as to how they got there due to uncertainties about whether these islands were ever connected to the mainland.


Ostrich
Posted Image

American Rhea
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Darwin's Rhea
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Southern Cassowary
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Dwarf Cassowary
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Northern Cassowary
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Emu
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Great Spotted Kiwi
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Little Spotted Kiwi
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Tokoeka
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North Island Brown Kiwi
Posted Image

Not shown: Okarito Brown Kiwi


My notes:

-_- Why the [censored] do people eat them?! That is disgusting! :blink:
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You know, I had no idea what ratites were. Call me stupid, but I thought they were a kind of rat :P !
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Oneistheloneliestnumber
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Haha. It's too bad you didn't know. :P

Next order coming soon.
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Alright then :) . Which one will it be?
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Oneistheloneliestnumber
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Probably the waterfowl.
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Sorry took so long... I didn't feel like doing it XD

Anseriformes
Posted Image
Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus), a member of the Anatidae

Scientific classification

Kingdom:
Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Subclass: Neornithes

Infraclass: Galloanserae

Order: Anseriformes
Wagler, 1831

Families

Anhimidae
Anseranatidae
Anatidae
For fossil families, see text


The order Anseriformes contains about 150 living species of birds in three extant families: the Anhimidae (the screamers), Anseranatidae (the Magpie-goose), and the Anatidae, which includes over 140 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans.

All species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. All are web-footed for efficient swimming (although some have subsequently become mainly terrestrial).

Systematics

The Anseriformes and the Galliformes (pheasants etc) are the most primitive neognathous birds, and should follow ratites and tinamous in bird classification systems.

Anatidae systematics, especially regarding placement of some "odd" genera in the dabbling ducks or shelducks, is not fully resolved. See the Anatidae article for more information, and for alternate taxonomic approaches.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES
* Family Anhimidae: screamers
Crested Screamer (Chauna torquata)
Posted Image

* Family Anseranatidae: the Magpie-goose
Magpie-Goose (Anseranas semipalmata)
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* Family Anatidae
o Subfamily Dendrocygninae: Whistling ducks (sometimes given full family status as the Dendrocygnidae).
Black-bellied Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis)
Posted Image

o Subfamily Thalassorninae: the White-backed Duck. (Thalassornis leuconotus)
Posted Image

o Subfamily Anserinae: Swans and geese.
Mute Swans (Cygnus olor)
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Immature Ross's Goose (Chen rossii, left) and adult Lesser Snow Geese (C. caerulescens caerulescens)
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o Subfamily Stictonettinae: the Freckled Duck. (Stictonetta naevosa)
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o Subfamily Plectropterinae: the Spur-winged Goose. (Plectropterus gambensis)
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o Subfamily Tadorninae: Shelducks and sheldgeese - probably paraphyletic
Ruddy-headed Goose (Chloephaga rubidiceps)
Posted Image

o Subfamily Anatinae: Dabbling ducks and moa-nalos
Falcated Duck (Anas falcata)
Posted Image

o Subfamily Aythyinae: Diving ducks (sometimes included in Anatinae)
Red-crested Pochard (Netta rufina; my personal favourite)
Posted Image

o Subfamily Merginae: eiders, scoters, mergansers and other sea-ducks.
Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus; another one of my favourites)
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o Subfamily Oxyurinae: Stiff-tailed ducks and allies.
Argentine Blue-bill (Oxyura vittata; has a dark secret, but I'm not going to tell you what it is because you'll kill me)
Posted Image


* Family Dromornithidae (fossil): mihirungs
Dromornis
Posted Image

* Family Presbyornithidae (fossil): several genera of wading-"geese"
no image sadly... STUPID WIKIPEDIA! :@

The fossil Gastornithidae (diatrymas) are also occasionally included herein as a family.
Gastornis
Posted Image
Edited by Oneistheloneliestnumber, Jun 18 2009, 06:08 AM.
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Stokesosaurus

I suppose that's a fair enough reason not to do it, then :P .

Anyway, this order seems to create quite a variety of birds!
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Oneistheloneliestnumber
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Yes there are a lot of birds in that order.
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Maybe it's one that'll be changed one day, then?
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Oneistheloneliestnumber
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I doubt that, but some scientists aren't sure which subfamily to put what birds in.
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Galliformes

Male Grey Junglefowl, Gallus sonneratii (see illustration below)

Scientific classification

Kingdom:
Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Subclass: Neornithes

Infraclass: Galloanserae

Order: Galliformes
Temminck, 1820

Families
Megapodiidae
Cracidae
Odontophoridae
Numididae
Phasianidae
and see text


Synonyms
Craciformes
Gallomorphae


Galliformes are an order of birds containing turkeys, grouse, chickens, quails, and pheasants. More than 250 living species are found worldwide. Common names are gamefowl or gamebirds, landfowl, gallinaceous birds or galliforms. "Wildfowl" or just "fowl" are also often used for Galliformes, but usually these terms also refer to waterfowl, and occasionally to other commonly-hunted birds. (<_<)

Description

These birds vary in size from the diminutive Asian Blue Quail (Coturnix chinensis) at 12.5 centimetres (5 in) long and weighing 28 to 40 grams (1 to 1.4 oz) to the largest extant galliform species, the North American Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), which may weigh as much as 14 kilograms (about 30.5 lb) and may exceed 120 centimetres (47 in).

The galliform bird species with the largest wing-span and largest overall length (including a train of over 6 feet) is most likely the Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus). Most galliform genera are plump-bodied with thick necks and moderately long legs, and have rounded and rather short wings. Grouse, pheasants, francolins, and partridges are typical in their outwardly corpulent silhouettes. While most galliforms are rather weak-flying, flightless forms are unknown among the living members of the order. The Sylviornis, a huge prehistorically extinct mound-builder relative of New Caledonia, was flightless, but as opposed to most other flightless birds like ratites or island rails which become flightless due to arrested development of their flight apparatus and subsequently evolve to larger size, the Sylviornis seems to have become flightless simply due to its bulk, with the wing reduction following a consequence, not the reason for its flightlessness. There are a number of prehistorically extinct mound-builders from Pacific islands, and these seem to have arrived at flightlessness in the more conventional way.

Adult males of many galliform birds have one to several sharp horny spurs on the back of each leg, which they use for fighting. In several lineages, there is pronounced sexual dimorphism, and among each galliform clade, the more apomorphic ("advanced") lineages tend to be more sexually dimorphic.


List of major taxa
For a long time, the pheasants, partridges and relatives were indiscriminately lumped in the Phasianidae, variously including or excluding turkeys, grouse, New World quails and guineafowl, and divided into two subfamilies - the Phasianinae (pheasant-like forms) and the Perdicinae (partridge-like forms). This crude arrangement was long considered to be in serious need of revision, but even with modern DNA sequence analyses and cladistic methods, the phylogeny of the Phasianidae has resisted complete resolution.[8]

A tentative list of the higher-level galliform taxa, listed in evolutionary sequence, is:[8]

Family †Paraortygidae

Family †Quercymegapodiidae

Family †Sylviornithidae - Sylviornis
Posted Image

Family Megapodidae - mound-builders and scrubfowl, or megapodes
Posted Image
An Australian Brush-Turkey

Family Cracidae - chachalacas, guans and curassows
Posted Image
A Spix's Guan

Superfamily Phasianoidea

Family †Gallinuloididae - tentatively placed here


Family Odontophoridae - New World quail
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A California Quail

Family Numididae - guineafowl
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A Helmeted Guineafowl

Family Phasianidae - pheasants, partridges and relatives
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A Satyr Tragopan, one of the 100s of examples in this family!

Subfamily Arborophilinae - jungle- and wood-partridges
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A Crested Wood-partridge, one of my favourites

Subfamily Coturnicinae - Old World quails, scrub-partridges and spurfowl
Posted Image
A Red Spurfowl

Subfamily Pavoninae - peafowl and ocellated pheasants
Posted Image
A Green Peafowl, that's a female btw

Subfamily Gallininae - francolins and junglefowl
Posted Image
A Grey Junglefowl, a wild relative to the chicken

Subfamily Meleagridinae - turkeys
Posted Image
A Wild Turkey

Posted Image
An Ocellated Turkey

Subfamily Perdicinae - grey partridges (probably belong in either Meleagridinae or Phasianinae)
Posted Image
A Grey Partridge

Subfamily Tetraoninae - grouse
Posted Image
A male Greater Sage Grouse

Subfamily Phasianinae - true pheasants
Posted Image
A male Common Pheasant

The relationships of many pheasants and partridges are still very badly resolved and much confounded by adaptive radiation (in the former) and convergent evolution (in the latter)[9]. Thus, the bulk of the Phasianidae can alternatively be treated as a single subfamily Phasianinae. The grouse, turkeys, true pheasants etc would then become tribes of this subfamily, similar of how the Coturnicinae are commonly split into a quail and a spurfowl tribe.[10]

Note that the taxon Perdicinae is tentatively limited to the genus Perdix and perhaps one or two others. That "the" partridge of Europe is not closely related to other partridge-like Galliformes is already indicated by its sexually dimorphic coloration and numerous (more than 14) rectrices*, traits it shares with the other advanced phasianids. However, among these its relationships are obscure; it is entirely unclear whether it is closer to the turkeys or to certain short-tailed pheasants like Ithaginis, Lophophorus, Pucrasia and Tragopan.[11]

* Rectrices = tail feathers
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Wow...I didn't know there were so many birds like these!
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Oneistheloneliestnumber
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I know, I think the tragopans are my favourites from that group. I still wish people didn't eat the galliforms, they're so beautiful...
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They are - and so are many other birds that people eat :( .
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Sickening, really.

Revised orders of birds:

Superorder: Palaeognathae Struthioniformes (ratites) • Rheiformes (rheas) • Casuariiformes (cassowaries and emus) • Apterygiformes (kiwis) • Tinamiformes (tinamous)

Superorder: Neognathae Accipitriformes • Anseriformes (waterfowl) • Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds) • Ardeiformes (herons and allies) • Bucerotiformes (hornbills and allies) • Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and relatives) • Cariamae (seriemas and relatives) • Cathartiformes {New World vultures) • Charadriiformes (gulls and relatives) • Ciconiiformes (storks) • Coliiformes (mousebirds) • Columbiformes (doves and pigeons) • Coraciiformes (kingfishers and relatives) • Cuculiformes (cuckoos and relatives) • Eurypygiformes (sunbittern and kagu) • Falconiformes (falcons and relatives) • Galliformes (gamebirds) • Gaviiformes (loons or divers) • Gruiformes (cranes and relatives) • Leptosomatiformes (cuckoo roller) • Mesitornithiformes (mesites) • Musophagiformes (turacos and allies) • Nyctibiiformes (potoos) • Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)) • Otidiformes (bustards) • Passeriformes (perching birds) • Pelecaniformes (pelicans and relatives) • Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds) • Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos) • Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives) • Podargiformes (frogmouths) • Podicipediformes (grebes) • Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels) • Psittaciformes (parrots) • Pteroclidiformes (sandgrouses) • Sphenisciformes (penguins) • Steatornithiformes (oilbird) • Strigiformes (owls) • Suliformes (cormorants and allies) • Trogoniformes (trogons and quetzals)
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