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Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Topic Started: Jul 18 2011, 04:28 AM (923 Views)
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Infectious Disease Information






Mosquito-Borne Diseases
(partial list)

Arboviral Encephalitides

Eastern equine encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis
La Crosse encephalitis
St. Louis encephalitis
West Nile virus
Western equine encephalitis

Dengue Fever
Malaria
Rift Valley Fever
Yellow Fever
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Malaria is transmitted from person to person through the bite of a female Anopheles—a species of mosquito prevalent throughout sub-Saharan Africa and considered to be the most dangerous. -source
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There are 41 genera of mosquitoes, containing approximately 3,500 species
-list
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The mosquito is considered to be the world's deadliest animal
http://www.livescience.com/11325-top-10-deadliest-animals.html
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Urban Mosquito Scourge Hits Big Cities

(The Wall Street Journal) - The latest scourge crossing the country has a taste for the big city, the Wall Street Journal reported Wednesday.

The Asian tiger mosquito, named for its distinctive black-and-white striped body, is a relatively new species to the US that is more vicious, harder to kill and, unlike most native mosquitoes, bites during the daytime. It also prefers large cities over rural or marshy areas -- thus earning the nickname among entomologists as "the urban mosquito."

"Part of the reason it is called 'tiger' is also because it is very aggressive," said Dr. Dina Fonseca, an associate professor of entomology at Rutgers University. "You can try and swat it all you want, but once it's on you, it doesn't let go. Even if it goes away, it will be back for a bite."

Fonseca is leading a US Department of Agriculture effort to develop a cost-effective method to control the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) population. The university is currently focusing on using larvacides, which render larvae incapable of growing into adults.

Read more: Urban Mosquito Scourge Hits Big Cities http://www.myfoxtwincities.com/dpps/news/asian-tiger-mosquito-scourge-hits-big-cities-dpgonc-20110720-fc_14207659#ixzz1T8cEqbpE
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Have you ever wondered how mosquitoes fly in the rain?

Essentially, then, the energy of the falling raindrop imparts a puff of air to move the mosquito out of the way.

http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2011/10/how-can-mosquitoes-fly-in-the-pouring-rain/
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Mosquitoes home in on human body odour

Washington: Female mosquitoes target humans by cueing in on the carbon dioxide (CO2) and body odour they release, causing malaria, dengue and yellow fever.

Experiments conducted by two entomologists from the University of California, Riverside have shown how female Aedes aegypti -- that transmit yellow fever and dengue -- respond to plumes of CO2 and human odour.

They reported that puffs of exhaled CO2 first attract these mosquitoes, which then proceed to follow a broad skin odour plume, eventually landing on a human host, the Journal of Experimental Biology reports. -read more
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Disease-carrying mosquitoes captured in the monitored area were submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) laboratory, where West Nile Virus was detected among the samples in Neosho, Wilson and Montgomery Counties. None of the samples submitted to the CDC were found to have Western Equine Encephalitis or St. Louis Encephalitis, two other mosquito-borne illnesses seen in Kansas. -KDHE
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Robins Found Guilty In West Nile Virus Spread

A study of the spread of West Nile Virus across North America since its introduction in 1999 implicates robins as a key disease vector. -Sophie Bushwick.

West Nile virus first appeared in North America in 1999. And it quickly moved across the continent. Now a study has pinned the proliferation on a particular culprit: robins. The work is published in the journal Science. [A. Marm Kilpatrick, Globalization, Land Use, and the Invasion of West Nile Virus]

A variety of animals can serve as hosts for West Nile, but the virus primarily spreads through a few species of mosquitoes that usually feed on birds, and those bird species, which become viral hosts. Robins may not be the most abundant of birds, but mosquitoes find their blood particularly tasty, frequently feeding on them and turning them into viral “super-spreaders.”

In fact, the virus may be why the once-growing robin population has leveled off. The mosquitoes and birds responsible for West Nile’s spread abound where people also live, raising the odds that a mosquito that picked up the virus feeding on a robin could transmit it to a person.

Knowing that the spread of mosquito-borne disease depends on the insects’ feeding habits could help researchers predict and prevent the spread of new pathogens. As Dickenson said, hope is the thing with feathers. Even if it’s infected.

—Sophie Bushwick

[The above text is a transcript of this podcast]
-link
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West Nile Virus Arrives in CoCo County

The Contra Costa Mosquito & Vector Control District is reporting a stellar jay from Pleasant Hill has tested positive for West Nile virus.

This confirmation this early in the season could mean a longer, more intense West Nile season. Last year, the District reported the first West Nile virus-positive dead bird on June 29.

“Mother Nature plays a significant role in virus risk,” said Craig Downs, general manager for the District. “The mild winter has created a thriving environment for mosquitoes. We all need to be diligent about dumping out water where mosquitoes can live, such as rain gutters on houses, neglected swimming pools, boat covers, toys, even flower pot saucers can hold enough water to allow mosquitoes to thrive.”

Residents are urged to continue to report dead birds to the West Nile Virus state hotline: 1-877-968-2473. Reports may also be made online at www.westnile.ca.gov. Dead bird reports are an important tool for West Nile virus detection, even if the bird is not picked up and tested. -read more
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Central Kansas Mosquito Control Experts

If you’re trying to identify an insect, or find information about a certain bug, you’ve found the right place. Feel free to browse through our images and knowledge base. If you have a particular question that you can’t find the answer to please give us a call 800-966-9599. Our staff goes through regular training and can answer most any question you may have concerning pest control or extermination. link w/ pics
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West Nile virus: Should you be worried?
By Jennifer LaRue Huget

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported last week that more people in the United States. have shown symptoms of infection with West Nile virus at this point in 2012 than at this time in any year since the virus was first detected in 1999. As of Aug. 21, 1,118 people had been diagnosed with the virus and 41 have died.

The vast majority of cases (about 75 percent, the CDC reports) have occurred in five states (Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Dakota and Oklahoma); nearly half of the cases have occurred in Texas alone. -read more
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'Gallinipper' mosquitoes: Oversized moquitoes influx expected

Posted ImageComing this summer: They're big! They're vicious! And they want YOUR BLOOD!

In what sounds like the plot from a 1950s horror flick, scientists at the University of Florida are warning an influx of oversized mosquitoes known as gallinippers (Psorophora ciliata) is expected this summer.

"Big" is in relation to most species of mosquitoes. A gallinipper has a half-inch long body and even longer legs. The "vicious" part is true, again, compared to other mosquitoes.

"Yeah, it's a vicious biter," said Ken Gioeli, natural resources agent for the St. Lucie Cooperative Extension Service, said of the gallinipper. "They can bite right through your clothing and give you a good pinch, more painful than an ordinary mosquito bite."

Doug Carlson, mosquito control director for Indian River County, Fla., has been bitten by gallinippers and said: "I'm not so sure the bite is all that much more painful than other mosquito bites. The gallinippers are so big they're certainly very noticeable. It can feel like a small bird has landed on you."

Gene Lemire, mosquito control manager for Martin County, said gallinippers "are so big they scare people. But ... they tend to be a pasture mosquito, biting mostly cattle and horses and just incidentally biting humans."

And how much of an infestation to expect this summer is up to speculation.

UF entomologist Phil Kaufman said because the state had a bumper crop of gallinippers last summer, a repeat may be on the way this summer.

Lemire isn't so sure.

"There may have been a lot of Psorophora ciliata in other areas of Florida last summer, but that wasn't the case in Martin County. So, if anything, I'm not expecting a big outbreak here this summer."

Female gallinippers lay their eggs in mud or soil at the edges of ponds, streams and other bodies of water that overflow when heavy rains come. The eggs can sit there for a long time, up to several years, if necessary, waiting for enough rain to flood the nests.

"Psorophora ciliata needs a wet/dry, wet/dry cycle to have a big breeding season," Lemire said. "Each female can lay 200 eggs. If you have several cycles of eggs hatching, and then those mosquitoes lay more eggs, you can have a logarithmic increase in numbers."

Nevertheless, Carlson said he's predicting a normal gallinipper season until he sees evidence of an incoming horde.

Facts about gallinippers:

-- They're the largest biting mosquitoes in the United States.

-- The body is about half an inch long with longer hind legs that are hairy and have zebra stripes.

-- They're native to the eastern half of North America.

-- Only the females are blood feeders; the males survive on flower nectar and other sugar sources.

-- The larvae feed on the larvae of their smaller mosquito cousins.

-- They have been found to harbor viruses like the West Nile virus, but don't transfer the virus to people.

-- They can be warded off by repellents containing DEET; but because they can bite through cloth, spray on clothing as well as exposed skin.

-- The red bump and itching caused by any mosquito bite are an allergic reaction to the bug's saliva.

-- The name? According to mosquito control director Carlson: "The story I've heard from folks is that they're called gallinippers because they're so big they can nip a gallon of blood with a single bite."

Read more: http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/region_st_lucie_county/gallinipper-mosquitoes-oversized-moquitoes-influx-expected#ixzz2NLgFkdVW
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